Chemistry IA design format Essay

1.0.0- Introduction 1.0.1- Focus Question- If the mass of magnesium reacted with hydrochloric acid is changed will the temperature of the solution increase and the total mass decrease. 1.0.2- Hypothesis- If the mass of magnesium that is reacted with hydrochloric acid is changed the temperature of the solution will increase and the total mass will decrease. 1.0.3- Theory- The reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric reaction is written as follows, Mg(s)+ 2HCL (aq)—— (MgCl2(aq)+H2 (g) (Ng, 2008, pg 1). This reaction goes through two distinct changes that both have an effect on the energy change in the reaction. Enthalpy refers to changes in energy in a compound (Assut, 2008, pg 1). Two distinct changes can occur. An endothermic change occurs when the energy being absorbed is grater then the energy being released whereas and exothermic change is when the energy being released is greater than the energy being absorbed. Energy is absorbed when bonds are broken and energy is released when they are formed (Newton, 2008, pg1). Energy change cannot be directly measured. However energy change affects the physical force of heat. Therefore a heat change is indicative of an energy change. If the heat increase in the solution the change will be exothermic and if the heat decreases the reaction will be endothermic. In respects to the formula Magnesium forms an ionic bond with chlorine to form the salt magnesium chloride. When this bond is formed energy is released in the form of an endothermic change, this energy drop would be quite small however because the bond is ionic and does not take much energy to create since magnesium and chorine bond easily. However the second change is that hydrogen breaks off from chlorine in the hydrochloric acid and hydrogen is released as a gas. The breaking of bonds would absorb energy therefore forming an exothermic reaction. Hydrogen and chorine however form a very strong covalent bond. Covalent bonds form between atoms with similar electronegative forces and are there for take a lot of energy to break ( Anissimov, 2008, pg 1) Since the endothermic change is weak and the exothermic change is strong it can be predicted that the overall change will be exothermic and therefore the solution will heat up. Temperature change in a chemical reaction can be measured with a device known as a calorimeter. A calorimeter measures the heat of the solution before the reaction has occurred and then again after the reactant has been added (Whel, 2008, pg 1). These two values can be mathematically manipulated to find the relative change in temperature. If two of the same substance have different masses it means there is more of the one substance. In a mass of a substance there is a certain amount of material that can be reacted. By increasing mass the amount of substance that may be reacted increases. Therefore if mass increased the amount that of substance reacted will increase as well providing there is enough of the reactant. This will in turn increase the energy change. Also if more of the substance reacts with the reactant more of the reactant will be used up. This means that if the magnesium is increased there will be more reaction with hydrochloric acid; this means that more hydrogen will be released as gas and the total mass of the solution will decrease. Henceforth the change in heat should be greater if their entire solution is lighter as more of the hydrochloric acid has been reacted and hydrogen lost as a gas. How the reaction works (Figure 1) Mg(s)+ 2HCL (aq)—— (MgCl2(aq)+H2 (g) 1.1.0- Controlling variables 1.1.1- Variables (Table 1) Variable Type of variable Method for control Mass of magnesium Independent Mass will change for each sample, sample range will be 2g, 4g, 6g, 8g and 10g Heat change Dependent This will be calculated by subtracting the final heat of the solution by the initial heat of the solution. The data will be gathered by using a calorimeter Change in mass in solution Dependent This will be calculated by measuring the weight of the solution and subtracting the weight of the calorimeter and the magnesium. The original mass not including calorimeter and the magnesium will then be subtracted by this value to mind the change of mass in the solution. Initial temperature Controlled The temperature of the solution will be heated to 25c and the reaction started immediately. External temperature Controlled The room temperature will be controlled at 24c Volume of hydrochloric acid Controlled The volume of hydrochloric acid will be 40mls per sample. Measuring apparatus Controlled A 50ml calorimeter with electronic thermometer and a scale with milligram accuracy. Time of experiment Controlled The experiment will be ended when reaction is fully complete and reaction will be given 10 seconds to calibrate before results are taken Replications Controlled Standard 5 replications of each sample will be performed. 1.1.2- Control used in comparison- The reacted samples will be compared against hydrochloric acid with no magnesium that is also 25 degrees Celsius. Since the temperature remains constant there should be no energy or mass change, this would mean that on a graph this would represent a straight line which others samples with energy changes (heat changes) could be compared to. – Bibliography Ng, H.N, 2008, Acid reactions, Vat.Gov.Un, Accessed 21/08/09, http://vat.maharashtra.gov.in/communicationcenter/QueryAnswerSubjectwise.php?start=3090&subId=0000000007. Asset, M.A, 2008, Chemical Enthalpy, Nasa.gov, Accessed 21/08/09, http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/enthalpy.html Newton, R.N, 2008, Energetics and bonding, Unknown sponsor, Accessed 21/08/09, http://www.webchem.net/notes/how_far/enthalpy/enthalpy_diagrams.htm Anissimov, T.A, 2007 Chemical bonding, Simon Frasier University, Accessed 21/08/09, http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chembond/ Whel, L.W, 2006, Calorimeters, Stanford University, Accessed 21/08/09, http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/detectors/calorimeters.html Acknowledgments The procedure of this experiment is a adaption of a previous class experiment. The source of the procedure is unknown, so thanks to Miss Crook for the inspirations for this design.

Letter to Jane Austen

Dear Miss Austen: I have recently had the pleasure of reading your new novel Pride and Prejudice, and am moved to make a few comments, which I feel to be of moment. I would first like to congratulate you on a remarkable literary accomplishment, which I feel will endure the test of time. I can assure you that the novel is being read and discussed in the learned and genteel society of London with much interest. It is my opinion that it will continue to be read with as much avidity at the turn of the millennium, such is its lasting appeal. Why I feel so positive about your works I will try to explain as follows. I greatly enjoyed the dialogue that you employ in your novels. Such dialogue is a whiff of fresh air to the English novel. It is short, crisp and vibrant, such as the readership of the English novel have never experienced before. It delineates character accurately, and yet at the same time carries the plot forward at a vibrant pace. It is never dull, for it is always laced with irony, sarcasm and humor. The characters are drawn with a subtle pen, and yet always seem to have a strong and distinct presence. Somehow you make it seem as if the ordinary day-to-day life in a country parish is as exciting as the tales brought back by travelers of the wild seas. How this is so, it is hard to analyze. On this point, I assure you, I have entered into heated discussions with some companions of mine. It is a bone of contention as to what philosophy you represent. As you know, this is the age of new ideas. The revolution that has taken place in Paris and on the continent testifies that we are indeed entering a brave new world, one that promises freedom for all. The French writers and philosophers revive the virtues of the classical world, and in doing so they represent the philosophy of order and reason. On the other hand the poets of Germany, mistrusting reason, and rejecting its excesses, are glorifying passion instead. Goethe and Schiller are great writers who compose novels and plays in which inner man is far more important than intellectual outer self. They are classified as the Romanticists, and our own Isles boast the likes of Wordsworth, Southey and Coleridge, who are writing in this vein. Both these philosophies are worthy of respect, for they both promise freedom. The French philosophers of the Enlightenment promise freedom from the age old clutches of superstition. The Romanticists promise a world in which our passions have fulfillment. But so far we are not able to agree on your specific philosophy. I feel that in Sense and Sensibility you have brought these two philosophies to a head. Of the two Dashwood sisters that it may concern, Elinor Dashwood you make the preserve of sense, therefore of the classical virtues of order, restraint and reason. She proceeds with caution, and does not let herself be known easily. On the other hand her younger sister Marianne Dashwood is clearly the protagonist of sensibility, impulsive and careless. However, the outcome of both sisters is happy, for they are matched in the end. Both sisters suffer tribulations, of different sorts, through the novel. On the whole, we cannot judge that one path is better than the other, solely on the evidence given to us. Yet the message that I am able to read from the novel is that the middle road is the best. Those who judge Elinor and Marianne by categories of philosophy fail to take into account their development throughout the novel. In the end it is Elinor’s feeling, which overcomes her restraint, that helps her in her choice. On the other hand Marianne’s experiences teach her restraint, without which her match would have eluded her. The same kind of truth is inherent, I feel, in the opening to your novel Pride and Prejudice, which reads: â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife† (Austen 1). Whether it is your intention or not, such an opening speaks to me of a precious truth, and this is that universal truth can only be found in the mundane world. Beyond all the elevated ideas of Classicism and Romanticism there is the simple matter of life, of finding a suitable partner, of homemaking and the raising of children, so that the wheel of life may turn in its eternal way. In all your novels the utmost importance in put on the function of finding one’s ideal match. Many might construe your novels to be about scheming women, cynically extracting the greatest advantage from marriage. I, however, see it in a different light. In my opinion, your novels are celebrating mundane life. This is why they seem so fresh and exhilarating. The men of ideas have over-emphasized thinking. Yes, even Romanticism is a philosophy in the end. Because we live in an age of ideas, thinking tends to surfeit all fields, even such a popular art as novel writing. Authentic life is forgotten in the process. Put in another way, the world has become too over-burdened with the male perspective. The woman’s perspective is needed to bring the balance back. This is what you provide, and it indeed meets the call of the age. Many would compare your novels to those of the great epistolary novelist Samuel Richardson. Like yours, his heroines are concerned with finding matches above their station. But the similarities do not proceed much further than this. Pamela is a one dimensional morality tale. The full title bears this out better, for it bears the subtle â€Å"Virtue Rewarded†. In it the heroine Pamela is shown to resist all the evil advances of her master, Mr. B., which includes rape, imprisonment, and torture. The reward for protecting her virtue, in the end, is that her master consents to marry her, vowing to be a reformed man. The plot is crude, cynical and unrealistic. It is open to satire, and all know how Henry Fielding satirizes Pamela twice, first in Shamela, then in Joseph Andrews. But it is not so easy to satirize Elizabeth Bennett, or Elinor Dashwood. This is because such characters are drawn with subtle nuances, and thus are far closer to life. Many of your female protagonists are aiming to secure social status, prestige and privilege through marriage, just as is Pamela. But those who harbor only cynical motives are shown come to bad passes. The message we read from your novels is that such social aspirations are only normal. But the suitability of match is equally important. And indeed the affections of the courting couple must not be ignored. This is so because marriage is a defining moment of life. On the whole, we learn that marriage and family life are of overriding importance. These are some of my thoughts on reading your novels Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice. Yours truly, â€Å"Admirer† Works Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. London: Pan Books, 1978.   

Apush Explorers and Revolutionary War

French explorer that explored the Great Lakes, the Mississippi River, and he Gulf of Mexico 4. Fort Niceness ¶y g. After Washington and his men fired and killed some French troops and their leader outside of Fort Duquesne, Washington set up hastily constructed breastworks called Fort Necessity h. After a ten hour siege, he was forced to surrender his entire command in July 1754, but was permitted to march his men away with the full honors of war 5. The French and Indian War/ 7 Years War I. The fourth Anglo-French struggle j.It was fought in America and in Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and in the ocean k. In Europe, the principle adversaries were Britain ND Prussia against France, Spain, Austria and Russia l. France wasted so many troops in Europe that it was unable to send sufficient support to the colonies 6. General Edward Bradford m. Sixty year old officer that was experienced in European warfare n. He was sent to Virginia with a strong detachment of British troops o. After foraging scanty supplies from the colonists, he set out in 1755 with 2 thousand men to capture Fort Duquesne p.Most of his force consisted of ill-disciplined colonial militiamen q. Burdocks expedition moved slowly because they had to drag heavy artillery r. A few miles from the fort, Bradford encountered a much smaller force of French and Indians, but they ran into the thickets and poured a murderous fire into the ranks of the redcoats s. Washington came to Burdocks aide t. Bradford was mortally wounded and the British force was routed after terrible losses 7. General James Wolfe and the Battle of Quebec u. 32 years Old and had been an officer since age 14 v.He sent a detachment up a poorly guarded part of the rocky eminence protecting Quebec w. They scaled the cliff and by morning, the 2 armies faced each other on the Plains of Abraham on the outskirts of Quebec He fell fatally wounded after the battle, but the French were defeated and the city surrendered 8. The Peace of Paris of 1763 y. French power was thrown completely off the continent of North America z. The French were allowed to retain several small but valuable sugar islands in the West Indies, and two islets in the Gulf of SST.Lawrence for fishing stations {. France ceded to Spain, all trans-Mississippi Louisiana plus New Orleans l. Spain gave Florida to Britain for Cuba where Havana had fallen into British arms 9. Chief Pontiac War y. Pontiac led several tribes including a handful of French traders in a lenient campaign to drive the British out of Ohio country Pontiac war besieged Detroit in the spring of 1 763 at the hands of a rival chieftain and overran all but 3 of the British posts west of the Appalachians, killing 2000 soldiers and settlers CLC.The British retaliated by waging a primitive biological warfare where one British commanded ordered blankets infected with small pox to be distributed among the Indians . This crushed the uprising and brought an uneasy truce to the frontier Pontiac died in 1769 at the hands off rival chieftain 10. The Proclamation of 1 763 . It flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, ending further adjustments . This document was not intended to oppress the colonists at all, but to work out the Indian problem fairly and prevent another bloody eruption like Pontiac uprising Chapter 7 1.The Navigation Acts: a. Passed by Parliament in 1650 to target rival Dutch shippers trying to elbow their way into the American carrying trade b. All commerce flowing to and from the colonies could only be transferred in British vessels Required that European goods destined for America first had to be landed in Britain where tariff duties could be collected and British middlemen could take a slice of the profits d. American merchants must ship enumerated goods, notably tobacco, exclusively to Britain even though the prices might be better elsewhere 2.Salutary Neglect: e. Navigation Laws that were imposed held no intolerable burden mainly because they were loosely enforced (Salutary Neglect) 3. George Greenville: f. Prime Minister that first aroused the resentment of the colonists in 1763 by ordering the British Navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws g. He secured from Parliament the Sugar Act of 1 764 h. Quartering Act of 1 765: required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops I. Stamp Act of 1 765 j. Greenville regarded these measures as reasonable and just k.He was simple asking the Americans to pay a fair share of the costs for their own defense I. Colonists believed that Greenville was striking at their local liberties 4. Sugar Act of 1 764: m. First law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown n. It increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies o. After bitter protests, the duties were lowered substantially and the agitation died down 5. Stamp Act of 1 765: p. Greenville was trying to raise the tax revenues to support the new litany force q.The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax r. Stamps were required on bills of sale for about fifty trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents, including playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses 6. Taxation without Representation: s. The phrase colonists chanted after the stamp act was enacted 7. Virtual Representation: t. Greenville claimed that the American colonies were represented in Parliament u.He declared that the power of Parliament was supreme and undivided and that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of the Parliament v. Americans scoffed at the idea of virtual representation 8. Stamp Act Congress 1765: w. It brought together in NYC, 27 distinguished delegates from nine colonies x. After debating, the members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and beseeches the king and Parliament to repeal the repugnant legislation y. The Congress, which was ignored in England, made little splash at the time in America z.It was one more step to colonial unity 9. Non-lamentation Agreements: A promising stride towards union I . People started using home made goods and stopped purchasing British imports This gave colonial men and women a chance to participate in colonial protests 10. Sons of Liberty: Took law into their own hands D. Cried Liberty, Property, and No Stamps . They enforced importation agreements against violators with tar and feathering . Patriotic mobs ransacked the houses of unpopular officials, confiscated their money, and hanged effigies of stamp agents on liberty poles 11. Declaratory Act 1766: .Reaffirmed Parliaments right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever It defined the constitutional principle it would not yield: absolute and unqualified sovereignty over its North American colonies Charles Townsend: . Seized control of the British ministry as the new Prime Minister Champagne Charley . Persuaded Parliament to pass the Townsend Acts . Often drunk 12. . Understood the difference between external and internal taxes 13. Townsend Acts 17671 Light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea . Made this tax an indirect customs duty payable at American ports .To the Americans, this difference did not matter . Parliament suspended the legislature of NY because of failure to comply tit the quartering act . The Townsend Acts were to be earmarked to pay the salaries of the royal governors and judges in America Importation acts were quickly revived against Townsend acts Boston Massacre 1 770: . A crowd of 60 townspeople set upon a squad of ten redcoats hit the red coats with clubs . The troops opened fire and killed or wounded eleven citizens first to die was Crisps Attacks . Only 2 red coats Were found guilty Of man slaughter 15.King George Ill: . 32 years old 14. . They . The . Strenuously attempting to assert the power of the British monarchy Townsend Acts had failed to produce revenue He was a good man but a bad ruler . He surrounded himself with cooperative yes men and a corrupt Prime Minister Lord North 16. Lord North: . Under Lord North, Parliament repealed the Townsend revenue duties except the tax on tea The tax that colonists found most offensive was retained to keep alive the principle of parliamentary taxation . Corrupt 17. Committees Of Correspondence 1772: .Samuel Adams organized the local committees of correspondence He formed the first one in Boston in 1772 which provoked 80 other towns in their colonies to set up similar organizations . Their chief function was to parade the spirit of resistance by interchanging letters and this keep alive opposition to British policy . Virginia created the House of Burgesses in 1773 by creating such as body such as a standing committee of the House of Burgesses . Within a short time, every colony had established a central committee through which it could exchange ideas and information with other 18.British East India Company: . In 1773, it was overburdened with 17 million pounds of unsold tea and was facing bankruptcy . If it collapsed, then the London government would lose heavily in tax revenue, so they decided to assist the company by warding it a complete monopoly Of American tea business . The company offered to sell tea much cheaper even with the tax, but Americans refused to buy it 19. Boston Tea Party 1 773: . A band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the docked tea ships on December 16, 1773 . They smashed open 342 crates of tea and dumped the contents into the harbor .After this, Hutchinson traveled to Britain and never returned 20. Coercive/lamentable Acts 1 774: . In 1774, it passed a series of acts designed to chastise Boston in particular, Massachusetts in general . Called the massacre of American Liberty Boston Port Act was the most drastic. It closed the harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured . Many of the chartered rights of colonial Massachusetts were swept away . Restrictions were placed on town meetings . Enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty could now be sent to Britain for trial .Quebec Act 1774: guaranteed the French their Catholic religion and permitted them to retain their customs and traditions and extended the boundaries of Quebec southward down to the Ohio River 21 . First Continental Congress: . 1774 the first congress was to meet in Philadelphia to consider ways Of dressing colonial grievances . 12/13 colonies with only Georgia missing sent 55 distinguished men . They deliberated for 7 weeks from Seep 5-act 26 . It was not a legislative, but a consultative body a convention rather than .After prolong argument, the congress drew up several a congress dignified papers including the Declaration of Rights . The most significant action of the Congress was the creation of the Association 22. Declaration of Rights: . Made by the continental congress 23. The Association: . It called a complete boycott on British goods: importation, non- exportation, and non-consumption The delegates were not yet calling for independence, they wanted to repeal the offensive legislation and return to the happy days before parliamentary taxation 24.

Entry 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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See below Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See below - Assignment Example hile urban areas did not necessarily grow in terms of number, the size and density of urban areas, especially in the North, grew rapidly in the period immediately following the end of the civil war. This growth was fueled by several sources. Europe had recently faced several major crises, including the Irish Potato Famine (ending 1852, only a decade or before the civil war), fueling continued Irish immigration that continued as family connections were made in the United States. The Revolutions of 1848 caused political strife, as did the collapse of the second French Empire. In short, many Europeans were pushed into immigration seeking a better life, driving the unprecedented growth of American cities. A second notable source of growth for American cities in this period was immigration of black southern Americans. Finally able to move freely, many chose to leave their former slave-masters and seek better jobs in the North. These new urbanized areas incorporated America, becoming one o f America’s first â€Å"melting pots,† as long-standing Americans interacted frequently with new immigrants from the south and Europe. This increased urbanization also had significant economic impacts. American cities, fueled by massive population growth, and seemingly unlimited natural resources, quickly became some of the most productive places in the world. This created a vast amount of wealth, new businesses constantly â€Å"incorporating,† and developing into some of the most powerful institutions in the world. The richest Americans from the â€Å"Gilded Age† were some of the richest people in the history of the world up to this point, and the likes of Rockefeller and his ilk gave this era it’s gilded name. The third prong of incorporation in the United States, racial incorporation, was much less complete than the other two. Laws were set in place theoretically giving black Americans all the rights of to participate completely in the political process, if not fully in

Personal and Professional Health Care Communication Essay - 1

Personal and Professional Health Care Communication - Essay Example Health providers thus have a responsibility of recognizing their patients as people, and not as objects without feelings, and see to it that effective care is given to the patients. This research paper will discuss heath care communication, and the relevance of personal and professional health care communication is going to be explained. More light will also be shed on therapeutic communication in health care settings. Keywords: Health Care, Communication, Patients, Clients, Health, Therapeutic Communications, Principles, Theories Introduction Communication takes place in any number of players or people in the health care process. Thus communication is affected by the role each person plays, and their expectations from each other. The quality of the relationship that exists or develops during health care interaction, will therefore determine the effectiveness or the smoothness of the communication (Berry, 2006). Most of the time, the health care providers, who include the nurses, doc tors, and physicians have been criticized of having poor skills, when it comes to health care communication. ... Health care communication occurs in a variety of contexts. For example, the conversation occurring between oneself and the doctor in an examination room is an interpersonal type of health care communication. There are other contexts in which health care communication occurs. For example, a television campaign on dental care is an example of a mass media health care communication (Steinberg, 2007). Health communication covers areas such as health care policy, health promotion, disease prevention, and the business of health care, as well as promotion of the quality of life and health of individuals within the society. Health communication comprises of the examination and use of communication procedures, to advice and effect personal and society’s decisions on matters concerning health care. What is the relevancy of effective personal health care communication with other health care professionals, clients, and patients? As seen earlier, communication is a key factor to health car e givers, so as to improve the ability to provide information that can improve a patient’s understanding, on matters concerning his or her own personal health. Adequate primary healthcare communication should be an essential habit between healthcare professionals, patients, and clients. Personal health care communication helps to build therapeutic alliances with patients when it comes to nurses. It also educates the patients in that; some may have low self-esteem as a result of certain conditions that they are suffering from. Personal health care communications also encourage the patients to be independent (Perry, Patricia & Ostendorf, 2013). What is the relevancy of effective professional health care communication to health outcomes? Professional

Why Group Work is Important Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Why Group Work is Important - Research Paper Example Learning and working in groups entails communal and/or academic values, resources, and techniques of accomplishing tasks. Successful groups find out ways to do well by combining these factors. A group and each individual in it will only be as effectual as they are eager to value disparities among each group member. Carrying out group projects require professionalism in its superlative form. Professionalism means completing each and every task of your project efficiently and effectively. To do that, one needs to identify a problem and how to go about solving that problem. If one follows a problem-solving process, then the results would be more fruitful than otherwise. To all intents and purposes, a problem is not something which could be easily jettisoned. From a utilitarian’s point of view, a procedure or a generalization should be applied. When I have been assigned a project, I would always carry out a pre-project analysis or what I call a feasibility analysis of the project, which encompasses the practicability and the likelihood of the project to be accomplished efficiently and effectively (and before the deadline). FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS: As a group member I always tried to make out a situation where the shoe pinches or where the problem lies in the project. Not identifying and accepting a problem has been a major reason why problems get graver and panic starts creeping in. Identifying and accepting a problem in a project is like finding a remedy beforehand. Individuals and groups who have never thought of something big or novel in their lives have never made their mark in this corporate world. They haven’t ever won their laurels in any field of activity and the reason for their fiasco has been that they have never recognized how to debug the problems in their project. Another important technique that I as a group member applied was that I always realized a project’s complexity. This phase necessitates a detailed and noteworthy examinatio n. The complexities of some projects are not apparent: they are hidden and shallow.  

Reflective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Reflective - Essay Example Besides, the aspect of professional behaviour is amalgamation of two different words profession and behaviour in which profession referred as the work that requires particular skill and involve high-level education as well as competencies in an individual. On the other hand, behaviour is regarded as way of acting or behaving in a particular scenario. Thus, based on the above analysis and discussion, I understood that professional behaviour is the approach of reflection of professionalism. Besides, in the overall respect, if we behave in a professional manner, then we will be able to uphold good respect over the public. On the other hand, it has also been reflected that if we tends towards behaving in a professional manner, it will significantly assist in uplifting our career and improve the overall working environment. The learning module assisted me with the aspect that in order to ensure professional behaviour, we must tend to compel the assigned rule and law in the professional ground. For instance, in a business, the accountants are needed to ensure that their work is conducted in accordance with the rules and the standards, which are applicable in the field of accounting. Moreover, the aspect not only emphasis the written rules and conduct, but also includes unwritten aspects in much ethical manner ensuring reduction of possible disrepute over the professions. Nevertheless, in the working environment, professional activities are highly interlinked, as an individual breaking his/her professional practice and code of conduct will create significant impact over the entire profession. Based on discussion of the learning module, I can affirm the fact that professional conduct is acting and governing the activities in a professional manner. In this respect, code of conduct is regarded as an important approach of ethical benchmark of the professional practice. Additionally, I can

The human cell Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The human cell - Term Paper Example It has organelles for various functions. The chemical processes and complex interactions that occur inside the cell form the bridge between the nonliving and the living (Sherwood 2010). Inside the human body, various processes that go on synchronized to provide an efficient healthy functioning are interrelated and coupled for optimum functional output. This requires organization at various levels. In complex living beings like humans, there are many levels of organization, as opposed to single cellular organisms like bacteria. The study about the cell and its structure was revolutionized with the invention of microscope. The discovery of microscope in 16th century encouraged scientists to study these basic building blocks. It was Robert Hooke who discovered the cell in 1965 and named it Cellulae (Latin: tiny rooms) as he observed box like structures in a thin slice of cork under his microscope (Lee et al 2009). He was the first one to describe the fungus Mucor. Later Antony Van Leeuw enhoek improved the microscope and documented some initial findings about protozoa and bacteria (Gest 2004). The contributions of Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow lead to the development of ‘The Cell Theory’ in 1839. According to the cell theory: 1. All living things are made from one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells. Thus the cell is an essential component of the human body and this paper will explore the organization and cellular membrane of  the cell. It will also analyze the energy processes of the cells accompanied with the enzymes and the metabolic activities of the cells. ORGANIZATION OF CELLS Advances in microscopy and imaging led to further research into the cell structure. It is now established fact that cells are composed of various organelles and there are complex signaling pathways that control the expression of various molecules. The structure and composition of different cell types vary, but certain characteristics are common to all cells. Cells of similar kind together form the tissues (Marieb 2006). There are four basic types of tissues that form the entire organism, epithelium, supporting or connective tissue, muscle and nerve tissue. Organs are formed by two or more tissue types combined together for a specific function. One tissue type forms the parenchyma, the functioning part of the organ, while other tissues provide the supporting frame work, i.e. the stroma (Crowley 2007). The organization of different organs working together to perform a particular function forms the organ system, like nervous system, digestive system, musculoskeletal system and others. Finally, the different organ systems work together in an individual to maintain a state of homeostasis and optimum health functions (Ganong 2005; Guyton et al 2007). Protoplasm and Cell Membrane: The basic cellular structural components are similar in all cell types. Cells are bounded by a plasma membrane (cell membrane) and contain the fluid called protoplasm. The protoplasm is divided in clear cytoplasm and the central nucleus. The protoplasm is made up of five basic substances, water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and electrolytes. Water is the basic fluid medium of cell and forms up to 75- 80% of its concentration. It provides a medium for the suspension of particulate matter and in which chemical reactions can take place. Proteins are the building blocks of cells and form up to 10- 20 % of cell mass. They are of two types, functional and structural. Functional proteins are the enzymes that catalyze the cell reactions. They can be present as part of the membranes or can be mobile and catalyze the reactions as

The US foreign policy from 1945-1991 Case Study

The US foreign policy from 1945-1991 - Case Study Example This research will begin with the statement that the term Cold War was coined by Pulitzer prize-winning publicist Herbert Bayard Swope and refers to the intense feelings of hostility and the profound international tension and struggle for power between the the USA and then the USSR, both of which headed formidable alliances i.e. Allies and Russian satellites, respectively.   It started in 1945 and ended in 1989.   It was ‘cold’ because the relations between the two superpowers were icy but never came to a flashpoint verging on a shooting war.   The conflict involved political rivalry and advantage as well as an upper hand in the balance of power. The conflict was replete with clashes of competing ideologies i.e. between the democratic capitalist system of America and its allies and the socialist/communist system of the USSR and the satellite nations comprising the nations of the Warsaw Pact. The rivalry consisted of propaganda, military alliances, atomic arms devel opment, reconstruction programs and the rivalry to win the hearts and minds of the neutral countries, most especially the third world countries which might provide military bases, natural resources, and markets. As early as 1929, the USA and the USSR had kept each other at bay and at arms' length despite differences in political ideologies. This estrangement was intensified by the USA's policy of isolationism in the 1930's which muted whatever feelings of mistrust they had for each other. But relations were improved when the USA and the Soviet Union unexpectedly found themselves fighting side by side against fascist Germany in World War II. The warm relations, however, rapidly dissolved when midway through the war, the USA realized that the USSR was determined to retrieve all the territories in Eastern Europe that it lost prior to World War I and these are eastern Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and parts of Romania and Finland. It became clear to USA that Stalin in his paranoid fear of Germany and its military might want all of Eastern Europe to serve as its buffer states and shields from German aggression. President Roosevelt stressed that USA as adherent of the principle of self-determination wanted these states to choose for themselves the kind of government they want. The other western allies looked at Poland as strategically the bulwark of Europe which when falling into the hands of the Soviets would open the floodgates of Russians invading Western Europe. The US fears were vindicated during the 1943 Teheran Conference when Stalin finally laid his cards on the table: that he expected territorial concessions in the form of the states of Eastern Europe. Justice, to Stalin demanded that Russia be recompensed from the deaths of 16 million Russians and the massive destruction and damage to Soviet properties and machinery during the first three years of war. It dawned on President Roosevelt that reality, tradition and history dictated that self-determinatio n among the eastern European states would be anathema to Russia as any freely elected government in Eastern Europe would be hostile to Soviet ideology. Both the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference in 1945 further strained the relations almost to the breaking point as Russia treacherously set up a communist government in Lublin, Poland followed by its undermining of elected non-communist governments in Czechoslovakia and Hungary. It was inevitable that the Cold War ensued in early 1946 after Berlin and Germany were divided into 4 factions i.e. Russian, American, British and French.

Strict liability and mens rea Essay Example for Free

Strict liability and mens rea Essay So the offences of strict liability, we can say, are those crimes which do not require mens rea with regard to at least one or more elements of the actus reus. In R Vs Storkwain (9) the defendant supplied drugs for which a prescription was required, after being handed a forged prescription. There was no evidence of any negligence or wrong doing on the part of the pharmacist.. On appeal against conviction, it was held that the statute created an offence of strict liability; therefore no proof of mens rea was required. In Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd vs Attorney-General for Hong Kong (10) following points has been laid down to determine the circumstances to which strict liability to be imposed. (1) There is a presumption of law that mens rea is required before a person can be held guilty of a criminal offence; 8. Phillips v. Cricket Lighters, 841 A. 2d 1000 (Pa. 2003) 9. R Vs Storkwain (1986) 10. Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v Attorney-General for Hong Kong [1984] 2 All ER 503 Strict Liability 7 (2) The presumption is particularly strong where the offence is â€Å"truly criminal† in character; (3) The presumption applies to statutory offences, and can be displaced only if this is clearly or by necessary implication the effect of the statute; (4) The only situation in which the presumption can be displaced is where the statute is concerned with an issue of social concern; (5) Even where a statute is concerned with such an issue, the presumption of mens rea stands unless it can be shown that the creation of strict liability will be effective to promote the objects of the statute by encouraging greater vigilance to prevent the commission of the prohibited act. Essentials of strict liability For the application of this rule the following three essentials should be there: 1) Injury by a defective product: In order to succeed the strict liability under the law the plaintiff must show that the injury must be caused by a defective product whose defect existed at the time of injury and the product should be plaintiff’s control. In the recent case of Ceiba-Geigy (Pty) Ltd v Lushof Farms (Pty) Ltd en n Ander (11) it was held that the liability arising from the defective products not only related to the personal injury but financial loss also. It was further confirmed that when a manufacture undertakes or market the production without any prior tests and 11. Ceiba-Geigy (Pty) Ltd v Lushof Farms (Pty) Ltd en n Ander, 2002 (2) SA 447 (SCA) Strict Liability 8 consequently it turns hazardous to the consumer such negligent activities expose a liability to the consumer. Here a contractual nexus between the manufacturer and the consumer is not required. (Weir, Tony 2006), (12) 2) The goods must be dangerous or defective in nature: Here the plaintiff must show that due to the dangerous nature, such goods can not be used for the ordinary purpose or for some other reasonably foreseeable purpose. Thus, a manufacturer owes a duty to supply a product fit for the ordinary purposes and it is to be used and safe notwithstanding a reasonably foreseeable misuse that could cause injury. The decisions in famous cases like Batcheller Vs Tunbrige Wells Gas co. ,(13) National Telephone Co. Vs Baker (14)and West Vs Bristol Tramways Co. (15)manifests that the defective products are whatever in form ,whether it is gas, electricity noxious fumes ,the rule of strict liability can be applied. 3) The goods should leave the manufacturer: It is essential that the thing caused injury to the plaintiff must leave from the possession and control of eth defendant. So those defective goods are still with the manufacture is safe from the claim of compensation. In Read Vs Lyons (16) (text) the plaintiff was the employee in the defendant’s munitions factory. While performing her duty a shell was exploded and she was injured . Even -12. Weir,Tony,( 2006),an introduction to Tort law,2nd edn. , Oxford University Press 13. Batcheller Vs Tunbrige Wells Gas co. 84 L. T 765 14. National Telephone Co. Vs Baker (1893) 2 ch 186 15. West Vs Bristol Tramways Co. (1908) 2 K. B 14 16. Read Vs Lyons (1947) A. C 156, 161 Strict Liability 9 though the shell exploded was dangerous in nature it was held that defendants were not liable as the shell was not left from outside the defendant’s premises and the rule of strict liability could not be applied in this case. 4) Breach of warranty: Generally, the law imposes certain warranties (or guaranties) on the sale of products. Such warranties include that the goods are in proper condition for use and free of defects and that they are fit for a particular purpose. Since the court doesn’t disregard the liability of the waivers against the policy and the warranties are limited, the manufacturers and retailers are always held responsible for injuries from the defective and dangerous products. The aspect of breach of warrenty enables the plaintiff to act against the defendant with his complete freedom. Here he need not assert that the defendant is fault. Usually the product claims under the breach of warranty are in quasi contractual nature. Any factual statement or promise about the product ,a description of the product made ,any sample or model provided constitutes the warranty upon which the buyer rely to purchase the goods. ( Faegre Benson,. 2003)(17).

Teen Suicide Essay Example for Free

Teen Suicide Essay Over the last 15 years teen suicide has significantly increased in the United States due to cyber bullying. Teen suicide in the United States has been relatively high in the 15 to 24 age group with 4,000 suicides since 2004. Teen suicide is the 3 leading cause of death in the United States. Teenagers tend to commit suicide after large changes, significant losses, or abuse has occurred in their lives. An important change in a relationship, bulling in school or cyber , body image may contribute to a teenagers tendency to commit suicide. The death of a loved one, the loss of a valued relationship, and the loss of self-esteem are some significant losses, which might be a factor in teen suicidePerceived abuse such as physical, emotional, psychological, sexual, social abuse or neglect can lead to suicide. Suicide can also be lead on by severe depression, getting peer pressured to do something, and even schizophrenia. The following paraghphs will explain teen suicide. A close investigation of teen suicide in the United States will make it clear the reasons why teen suicide occurs at a time when all teen suicide are preventable. Our nations has increased stress on teen and their families. There is now exteme violence amongs teenagers, severe depression,drug,alcohol,teen pregnancy and its obvious that the youth and teens are growing up with hidden anger and self-destructive impasses (Buliding a Better Self Image). Teen suicide in the United States had been relatively high in the fifteen to twenty-four age group with four-thousand suicides since 2004. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death in the Unitied States. Federal statistics say the surge in suicide among the nations youths is fueled by exceptional increase in such deaths in certain populations. The suicide rate among 10-To-14-year olds have doubles in the past few decades. African American teenagers are now more than twice as likely to kill themselves as they were just 20 years old. It has been found that nearly 700,000 American high school students annually who attempted to kill themselves and millions that are contemplating on doing it ( Many Factors Contribute to Teen Suicide ). Approximately 10 percent of high school students suffer from depression. For many teens the mental pain of depression is so overwhelming that they believe the only way to except it is to commit suicide. One out of every ten high school students can be diagnosed with depression. Many professionals, friends, family down play or over look the signs of depression and they dont realize it till its too late. The mental pain of depression is all-consuming and its impossible to take any type of pleasure in anything you do , youre not satisfied with your life and everything becomes unimportant. They become isolated and think that that are worthless and just a waste of space. They start to become antisocial or have deliquent behavior or may become very hostile to the people that are close to them. That makes life seem the only way to get away from the mental pain of depression is suicide. When there are talks about suicidal gestures a lot of people think of it as someone trying to seek attention, but really they are asking for help and for someo e to hear their story. Some suicidal gestures are self-harming,taking a nonleathal number of pills, or every waving a firearms around in front of people. Teens that do this are waving red flags, in a way as suck it shows that the teen is not ready to die yet its just simply a cry for help. Amy substantial catastrophe that can be related to depression regardless of how it may manifest should be viewed as a statement about the life of a teen or anyone. All the stress that this person is going through or societys response to their behavior. American Acadamy of Pediatrics national conference in New Orleans Found a clear relationship between cyber bulling and suicide. In the study , researchers collected data about youth suicide from the Internet , including information about the demorgraphics of the individuals involved. Of the 41sucide cases they identified , researchers found that 78 percent of the people involved had been victims of bullying at school and online. Less than 20 percent were targeted solely online. The study concludes that cyber bullying is only one of many issues involved in youth suicide. One of the reasons that social media has been getting so much attention in recent weeks is that it can make it much easier to engage in bullying behavior and more difficult for young people to escape or avoid the abuse Tragic deaths have brawn public attention to the problem of cyber bulling. On October 17,2006, In dardenne prairie, Missouri, 13 year old Megan Meier hanged herself after receiving cruel mssages from a boy she befriended on a social network. In reality the messages where a hoax and came from Lori Drew. The mother of a friend of Megan. On September 22,2010, Tyler Clementi, an 18 year old freshman at Rutgers University , jumped to his death off the George Washington Bridge after his roommate , Dharun Ravi and a fellow dorm mate , Molly We, used a hidden webcam transmit images of Clementi having a gay encounter. On January 13,2010, 15 year old Phoebe Prince , who had recently moved to south Hadley, Massachusetts, from Ireland, hanged herself after high school classmates harasses her Facebook, in text messages , and at school calling her an Irosh whore and Irish slut . Experts have found strong links between bulling and suicide. Bullying victims are nearly twice as likely to have attempted suicide compared to those who were not bulling victims. However, they caution, it is unlikely that experience with cyber bullying by its self leads to youth suicide. Rather it tends to exacerbate instability and hopelessness in the minds of adolescent already struggling with stressful life circumstances. In a slate article, What Really Happened to Phoebe Prince? journalist Emily Bazelon claims , The whole story is a lot more complicated that anyone has publicly allowed for. The events led to Phoeboes death show how hard it is for kids, parents,and schools to cope with bullying, especially when the victim is psychological vulnerable . ( Introduction to Cyber Bullying : At Issue page1 ) The study found that bullying was only one risk factors for suicidal thoughts. Young people who have been sexually assaulted in the past year were 3. 4 times more likely to have suicidal ideation , while those who expericenced maltreatment by a parent or caregiver were 4. 4 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts

The Contrasts Of The Pillowman Drama English Literature Essay

The Contrasts Of The Pillowman Drama English Literature Essay The justification for the existence of late 20th century drama being one of shocking an audience out of their complacency is quite a generalisation, bearing in mind that the two productions in question were almost a 40 years apart. The interim period certainly saw stage productions with developing themes of violence, sex, drugs and rock n roll as with the latest trend of In Yer Face theatre which are not only shocking in their content but also fly in the face of common decency and political correctness. By the end of World War II in 1945, the world had suffered many years of aggression and the violence that goes with it. The lives of everyone involved were affected. It affected the way people lived, the way people worked and even how theatre plays were written. Pinters The Homecoming (1963) and McDonaghs The Pillowman (2003) provide an arena where hostility and aggression can no longer be ignored as a social issue. Whether or not there is good reason to say that late 20th Century theatre set out to purposefully shock audiences out of their comfortable nests is debatable when one takes into account the relaxation of censorship in 1968 replaced by a form of self-censorship which gave individual playwrights the opportunity to express a more realistic and dramatic approach to everyday issues and concerns that had been festering away underneath societys complacency such as poverty, morality, family values etc. There was a progression of theatre productions rather than a rebellion against accepted standards. The content of plays may have been shocking to audiences but to some extent were not unexpected given the way the theatre productions and indeed the audiences were developing. Pre-war critics and theatre audiences had previously been used to seeing plays, which were mostly London based and provided a sense of occasion offering the upper and middle classes a chance to dress formally and sit in splendid surroundings to see and be seen. The content of plays delivered an uncomplicated message whether educational or humorous such as a Shakespearean comedy or J.M. Barries Peter Pan, the main theme being one of entertainment rather than a thought provoking spectacle and many playwrights complied with this condition. This is not to say that no contentious issues were placed in the theatrical arena, for example, George Bernard Shaw wrote a series of plays that amused and challenged his audiences with his Plays Unpleasant (1898) relating to prostitution and philandering. Shaw was an entertainer and viewed the theatre as a means to make people think and that it had a serious purpose rather than offering the audience a more radical approach to his subject matter. His plays tended to show the accepted attitude, and then demolished that attitude while showing his own solutions. Shaw used familiar forms of melodrama, romance and history with unexpected twists, he shocked his audiences but in more of a surprising way as opposed to a more emotionally disturbing, offensive or indecent approach. Eric Bentley said If you wish to attract the audiences attention, be violent; if you wish to hold it, be violent again.  [1]   This may be interpreted and approached in two ways, either physical violence or verbal violence as a means of not only shocking an audience with either the content of conversations or the stage actions but also to keep their interest in what is going to happen next. A case of more of the same if the audience responds. As a reaction to World War II Absurdist theatre evolved, depicting the absurdity of the modern human state and related to a new genre of drama that could not be interpreted in a logical way. What do I know about mans destiny? I could tell you more about radishes.  [2]  (Beckett). Absurdist theatre openly rebelled against conventional theatre. One of the most important aspects of absurd drama is its scepticism of language as a means of communication. Dr. Culik explains that the Theatre of the Absurd tries to make people aware of the possibility of going beyond everyday speech conventions and communicating more authentically  [3]  . In Pinters The Homecoming and McDonaghs The Pillowman we are faced with two different dimensions of absurdist theatre in that, both playwrights have created milieus which are difficult for audiences to come to terms with. In Pinters The Homecoming we have a setting within one room in a comfortable domestic household in which the use of crude languag e with violent undertones is at the forefront. The torrent of vulgar and repugnant language shocked audiences to the extent that it could not be rationalised. Hints of violence are demonstrated when Max tells the audience that he was once one of the toughest men in East London and that all men moved out of his way in the street. There is also the direct and brutal threat when Max says to his son Lenny Listen! Ill chop your spine off if you talk to me like that Pinter exploits claustrophobic power of everyday language in enclosed theatrical space. There is certainly a lack of harmony throughout the play based on the disjointed conversations, lack of continuity and the constant non- sensical verbiage, compounded by the unexpected, e.g. Ruth becoming a whore and Sam dropping dead etc. There is a disjunctive split between how the actors react to situations in the play and what the audience expect and perceive. Apart from the offensive language, for example, when Max refers to Ruth in a derogatory way, Weve had a smelly scrubber in my house all night. Weve had a stinking pox-ridden slut in my house all night, one of the most disconcerting elements of the Homecoming to the audience would have been the constant long pauses Pinter used; thus raising the anxiety of the audience by not knowing what was coming next. One of the most referred to of Pinters comments on his own plays was made during a lecture to students in 1962,  [4]  concerning his stage direction trademark in the adoption of the two silences, the use of what became known as the Pinter Pause, when on the one hand, no actor is speaking and secondly, when there is a torrent of non-sensical abuse which has no relevance as to what has just been said and is technically a pause in the proceedings until the return of the topic of conversation. These silences proved perturbing and uncomfortable, even edgy to some audiences. The Homecoming appears to move from naturalism to absurdism, which is profoundly unsettling. Instead of finding a situation which emphasizes the role of the environment upon the characters we are drawn into a state where the characters existence becomes irrational and meaningless. Whilst the circumstances are naturalistic the dialogue is absurd, employing disjointed, repetitious, and meaningless dialogue, purposeless and confusing situations and plots that lack realistic or logical development. This was not so much a shocking concept but more of a bewildering set of circumstances designed to be thought provoking and perplexing to an audience. McDonaghs The Pillowman on the other hand provides theatre goers with a more subtle approach to absurdist theatre with the actual setting and circumstances being absurd and not necessarily the dialogue. The horrific stories within the play with their explicitly violent subject matter helped to push the boundaries of what was acceptable to a new level and more in the form of brutalist or In Yer Face  [5]  theatre as exemplified by Sarah Kanes in Blasted (1995) which exhibits abject horror and atrocities, for example Ian being raped, having his eyes bitten out and being compelled to consume a dead baby as he starves, alone, in the dark., was shocking and seemed unreal, as Kieron Quirke of the Evening Standard said It moves beyond shock theatre to become a powerful reminder that people are capable of anything. I rate it, but I hope it never becomes heresy to dislike it.  [6]  The Daily Mail denounced the play as this disgusting feast of filth, the Sunday Telegraph spoke scathing ly against its gratuitous welter of carnage  [7]  and the Spectator called it a sordid little travesty of a play  [8]  . McDonagh, having been influenced by Pinter and indeed the film director Quentin Tarantino presents a twisted psychological horror and dark examination of a storytellers (Katurian) hold over an audience by the use of on-stage narrative to explore the power of the stories themselves to shock. The Pillowman is not just an apparent political play it is a play with the artist sacrificing his life in order to protect his art for the future. Artistic freedom was at the core of this play and the responsibility that goes with it. Set in an unknown totalitarian state, this was an opportunity for a playwright to decry the evil and unjust way that dictatorships subdued freedom of speech which we were anticipating; however McDonagh turns this presumption on its head. Katurian is actually being interrogated by a couple of comical, brutal cops not because his stories are subversive to the totalitarian regime, but because they are almost entirely about the brutal torture and murder of children. Kà Ã‚ °turià Ã‚ °ns stories read like exact plans for some recent murders of children. Katurian is questioned about the gruesome subject matter of his short stories and their similarities to a number of strange child murders that have recently occurred. Kà Ã‚ °turià Ã‚ °ns short stories are haunting and horrific eg. 101 ways to skewer à Ã‚ ° 5-yeà Ã‚ °r-old. Michael Billington, of the Guardian said in the end, you sense that McDonagh is playing with big issues to do with literatures power to outlast tyranny rather than writing from any kind of experience.  [9]  Robert Isenberg commented that The Pillowman is a test of will, suitable only for the gutsiest theatregoer  [10]  . The Pillowman is more of discomforting experience, shocking in its content but one containing wonderfully dark humour almost akin to the fairy tales of our youth with lurid and fantastical themes, the Brothers Grimm springs to mind. The Pillowman is a very unsettling and thought-provoking play, a review in the Financial Times referred to the play as A complex tale about life and art, about fact and illusion, about politics, society, cruelty and creativity.  [11]  Whether or not McDonaghs intention was to set out to shock audiences rather than provide intriguing subjects for debate is open to conjecture. Because things are the way they are, things will not stay the way they are.  [12]  (Brecht Was the raison detre of late twentieth century drama to shock audiences out of their complacency? Did Pinters The Homecoming and McDonaghs The Pillowman set out to shock audiences? Or was the relaxation of censorship in 1968 to prove the catalyst for more adventurous playwrights to buck the system and take on the more established theatrical styles? Was the avant garde approach by Pinter in 1963 just a starter for things to come? Richard Drain remarked once again the actor stands out as the main transmitter of the invigorating shock. But what must we do to make this shock effective, to help the actor transmit to the audience?  [13]  The Mail on Sunday referred to The Pillowman as an extraordinary play, Kafkaesque, Pinteresque, but more then anything absolutely McDonaghesque  [14]  It would appear that anything unusual, out of the ordinary or quirky in its theatrical content obtained a name associated with the playwright. McDonagh even parodied this in The Pillowman when one of the interrogators paraphrases one of Kà Ã‚ °turià Ã‚ °ns stories to him, to which the writer replies, Thats a good story. Thats something-esque. What kind of esque is it? I cant remember. I dont really go in for that esque sort of stuff anyway, but theres nothing wrong with the story. I believe that rather than trying to shock people out of their complacent sense of security about how the world and other people work that late 20th Century drama was more of an evolution than a revolution. As aptly put by Brian Cliff. Grotesque excess reduces shock value.  [15]   2,087 words

The Discovery Of Fluorine :: essays research papers

The isolation of fluorine had challenged chemist for many years, taking the lives of at least two scientists in the process. Fluorine receives its name from the Latin, fluo, meaning flow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first real attempt to free fluorine, was done by a chemist by the name of Humphyry Davy, between the years of (1811-1813). He first tried to liberate the element by using the chemical methods, but this failed. He then went on to try and electrolysis process using batteries. The problem with this was that the electrolytes used either produced Hydrogen and Oxygen or fluoric acid in vapor form, making it difficult to study. He then went on to fashion a electrochemical cell from horn silver because the hydrogen fluoride attacked glass. But this also failed , his hydrogen fluoride contained water. Davy gave up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard were able to create a liquid hydrogen fluoride free of water. But it doesn't conducted the electricity needed for electrolysis. Thus ended their weak attempts to create fluorine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1834, Faraday (God of Electrolysis), used the electrolysis of lead fluoride in platinum vessels to yield fluoride vapors, HORAA! But no after rigorous examination he too failed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then along came a student of Faraday, Henri Moissan, he used electrolysis with hydrogen fluoride and Fremy's method , the result ,a yellow gas fluoride. Finally after the loss several scientists lives, not to mention the pain and suffering felt at the hands of chemists while strange chemicals ate through their vital organs. All of this in the name of Science, and there quest to find new elements. That can accomplish many new wonderful things such as the separation of

Dr. Jekell And Mr. Hyde :: essays research papers

The Dominion of Evil The term â€Å"Jekyll and Hyde†, now a part of our common language, can be found in most dictionaries. Random dictionary definitions of â€Å"Jekyll and Hyde† include: 1) â€Å"One who has quasi-schizophrenic, alternating phases of pleasantness an unpleasantness.† 2) â€Å"A person having a split personality, one side of which is good and the other evil.† 3) â€Å"This phrase refers to a person who alternates between charming demeanor and extremely unpleasant behavior.† This concept revolves around the experience of Dr. Jekyll, enabled by drinking a potion, into living as his own living side, whom he names Hyde. Stevenson intended Jekyll’s character to be pronounced Je (French word for â€Å"I†) Kill (Je-Kill = I kill), as an indication that the doctor wanted to isolate the evil portion of himself, appropriately named â€Å"Hyde,† meaning low and vulgar hide or flesh which must hide from civilization. When R obert Louis Stevenson wrote the story Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, he portrayed man’s evil nature as a portion of his total makeup, and showed that the evil portion will often express itself more forcefully and powerfully than do the other aspects. Throughout life, a person can develop a sense of the conflict that actually involves one’s good and evil natures. Often a person’s current actions reflect their childhood experiences. Jekyll, described by Stevenson, born wealthy, grew up handsome, honorable, and distinguished. Yet, throughout much of his life, he commits secret acts which he thoroughly regrets. Early in Jekyll’s development, Stevenson had him recognize a â€Å"profound duplicity of life...so profound a double dealer† and â€Å"that man is not truly one, but truly two.† Intellectually, he evaluates the differences between his private life and his public life and, ultimately, he becomes obsessed with the idea that at least two different entities, maybe even more, occupy a person. Jekyll’s reflections and his scientific knowledge lead him to contemplate the possibility of scientifically isolating these two components. With this in mind, he begins to experiment with various chemical combinations. When Jekyll discovers the correct formula and drinks it, he is approaching a hardy fifty years of age; after his transformation into Edward Hyde, he feels younger, lighter, and more sensual, thereby indicating the appeal of the evil side. At that point, he acknowledges â€Å"the thorough and primitive duality of man.† He sees the necessity to try to separate the two selves, to hide that shameful part of himself from the world, and therefore stay in control of his evil nature.

In what ways is Educating Rita effective as a play? :: English Literature

In what ways is Educating Rita effective as a play? 'Educating Rita" is dramatically effective in many ways. It is also recognised as an exceptional play; it was voted "Best comedy of the year" when performed by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1980, and just three years after release, it had become the fourth most popular play in Britain. There are obviously factors which make it so effective, and I intend to explore these factors. Throughout the play, there are only two characters: this is known as a two-hander. Other characters are only mentioned in the play, but in the film have been cast as parts. It worked well for the film, but I think it lost the closeness which plays such an important part in the theatre. Some people would find this to be tedious, but I think it adds to the intensity and intimacy between the audience and the characters. There is a focus on the two characters which means that the audience can appreciate the relationship between Rita and Frank which is emphasised more than it would be with other characters, and would notice any subtle changes that occur in the play. For example, when Rita starts to use the correct form of speech for talking about literature and uses a higher standard of English. You can see this in Act I, Scene 4 when Frank and Rita were talking about her "Peer Gynt" essay where her response was "Do it on the radio." Frank could not believe what she had written as her entire essay, and in her defense Rita says, "I didn't have much time this week, so I sort of, y'know, encapsulated all me ideas in one line." The audience familiarise with Frank and Rita and we can see more closely what they are feeling and thinking because we know them better. We understand that Rita feels that she is stuck in the lower class and she wants to better herself by "changing from the inside" and taking Literature classes. Frank is a tired, middle-aged man and he can see that the world is passing by but he cannot be bothered to do anything about it. He drinks to try and suppress this feeling: "Life is such a rich and frantic whirl that I need the drink to help me step delicately through it." Both characters are stuck in a rut, but Rita wants to change her situation and is making the effort to achieve that change. We can also sympathise with Rita and Frank because of the closeness between audience and characters, and so this can make otherwise trivial circumstances seem more significant, such as when Rita

La Lodge and Entr’acte

I think that the poem entr'acte describes the painting very well. It brings across the feelings of the two people in it in a very good and sensitive way. Firstly the title of the poem -‘entr'acte' makes the poem sound elegant and impressive, or even sophisticated. The title means in between acts which describes the painting very well because she is just sitting there and he has his eyes on things completely away from the stage. Entr'acte also sounds a bit like ‘attract' so maybe that has something to do with it. At the start of the poem it says ‘the cuff links whispers to the glove, such elegance and all for love' I think in These lines the man speaking and he is saying to himself how elegant he is in his suit, (maybe he is being vain) and he how has done it all for love, maybe the love of the woman sitting in front of him or maybe the women he is looking at through his binoculars. Then in the second stanza ‘the glove confesses to the glass, oh how slowly five acts pass.' I think that it is the woman speaking about herself and how slowly five acts pass. Maybe the five acts pass slowly because she is not interested in the performance and is bored or maybe it is because she is waiting for the end so she can get away and do something else. In the first line of the third stanza, ‘the glass is lifted to the eye' I think this maybe the poet speaking, doing a running commentary of what is going on. On the second line of the stanza,' Show me a tear I cannot dry' I think this is the glass speaking about how the woman might be crying inside. She might be crying in the inside because the man is horrible to her or maybe because she just does not want to be there. Its like she's crying inside but is holding herself together so she doesn't show it. In the first line of the forth stanza ‘The eye shows nothing to the eye' I think this means that if you look at someone you cant judge them by what they look like because you cant see what they are like inside. In the second line ‘such elegance and all for art' I think It could be the man talking and saying that she was there displayed in the front of the box just for show. To say to the other people there that yes he could have a beautiful woman, or she could be there to make other woman jealous. Maybe the line means something completely different and the poet is saying ‘such elegance'- because they are all dressed up in beautiful clothes, and ‘all for art'- because In the end the people in the picture were probably there just to pose for the artist to paint them. In the painting it has the woman at the front of the picture- is this just so the man can show her off or is it because he is being a gentleman and letting her sit in front so she can see better. He is sitting at the back his could because if he looks up at other woman in the audience she won't be able to see. She is also wearing flowers by her face and breast as if to draw attention to these features. Her face is fixed, and her eyes especially make her look sad inside as if she is trying to put on a show, to hide her emotions in public. Her lips are bright red maybe for love, anger, passion or lust. Her dress is black and white stripes like a prisoners clothes, maybe she's trapped by the man behind her from freedom. Overall I think that the man behind her is using her to show of to the woman he is maybe looking at in the audience. He has dressed her and himself up in very exquisite and elegant clothes just for the show and to make him look wealthy. I think she is sad and upset that she is trapped as a model for him and is bored by the whole performance; she not very interested in it and probably wants to be somewhere else.

Colligative Properties

Name: JOANNA CELESTE M. QUINTANA Date performed: NOV. 12, 2012 Section: C-1L Date submitted: NOV. 21, 2012 Group Number: 3 Exercise No. 2 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (Full Report) I. INTRODUCTION Colligative properties In liquid solutions, particles are close together and the solute molecules or ions disrupt intermolecular forces between the solvent molecules, causing changes in those properties of the solvent that depend in intermolecular attraction. For example, the freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the of the pure solvent and the boiling point is higher.Colligative properties of solution are those that depend on the concentration of solute particles in the solution, regardless of what kinds of particles are present the greater the concentration of any solute, the lower the freezing point and the higher the boiling point of a solution. FREEZING POINT LOWERING A liquid begins to freeze when temperature is lowered to the substance’s freezing point and the first few molecules cluster together into a crystal lattice to form a tiny quantity of solid.As long as both solid and liquid phases are present at the freezing point, the rate of crystallization equals the rate of melting and there is a dynamic equilibrium. When a solution freezes, a few molecules of solvent cluster together to form pure solid solvent and a dynamic equilibrium is set up between the solution and the solid solvent. In the case of a solution, the molecules in the liquid in contact with the solid solvent are not all solvent molecule.The rate at which molecules move from solution to solid is therefore smaller that in the pure liquid to achieve dynamic equilibrium there must be a corresponding smaller rate of escape of molecules from solid crystal lattice. This slower rate occurs at a lower temperature and so the freezing point of the solution is lower than that of liquid solvent. The change in freezing point ? Tf is proportional to the concentration of the solute in the same way as the boiling point elevation. ?Tf = Kf ? msolute ? ?soluteHere also, the proportionality constant Kf depends on the solvent and not the kind of solute and isolute represents the number of particles per formula unti of solute. For water, the freezing point constant is -1. 86 oC-kg/mole. Freezing point or melting point is the temperature of transition between solid and liquid. Melting point can be measured more accurately than freezing points. This is becauses so in freezing point measurements, supercooling may occur which would yield a lower than sslkdjs freezing (melting point).CHANGES IN VAPOUR PRESSURE: RAOULT’S LAW At the surface of an aqueous solution, there are molecules of water as well as ions or molecules from the solute. Water molecules can leave the liquid and enter the gas phase, exerting a vapour pressure. However, there are not as many water molecules at the surface as in pure water, because some of them have been displaced by dissolved ions or molecules/ ther efore, not as many water molecules are available to leave the liquid surface, and the vapour pressure is lower than that of pure water at a given temperature.From this analysis, it should make senses that the vapour pressure of the solovent above the solution, Psolvent, solution, that is , to their mole fraction. Thus, since Psolvent ? Xsolvent, we can write Psolvent = Xsolvent ? K (where K is a constant). This equation tells you that, if there are only half as many solvent molecules present at the surface of a solution as at the surface of the pure liquid, then the vapour pressure of the solvent above the solution will only be half as great as that of the pure solvent at the same temperature. If we are dealing only with pure solvent, the above equation becomes Posolvent = Xsolvent ?K where Posolvent is the vapour pressure of the pure solvent and Xsolvent is equal to 1. This means that Posolvent = K; that is, the constant K is just the vapour pressure of the pure sovent. Substitutin g for K in the foremost equation, we arrive at an equation called Raoult’s law: Psolvent = Xsolvent ? Posolvent If the solution contains more than one volatile component, then Raoult’s law can be written for any one such component, A, as PA = XA ? PoA Like this ideal gas law, Raoult’s law is a description of a simplified model of a solution.An ideal solution is one that obey Raoult’s law/ although most solution are not ideal, just as most gases are not ideal, we use Raoult’s law as good approximation to solution behaviour. In any solution, the mole fraction of the solvent will always be less than 1, so the vapour pressure of the solvent over an ideal solution (Psolvent) must be less than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent (Posolvent). This vapour pressure lowering, ? Psolvent, is given by ? Psolvent = Psolvent ? Posolventwhere Psolvent < Posolvent Boiling point elevationRaoult’s law tells us that the vapour pressure of the solvent over a solution must be lower than that of the pure solvent. Assume for example that you have a solution of a non-volatile solute in the volatile solvent benzene ? ? ? ? II. MATERIALS A. Reagents 4. 00 g naphthalene 0. 20 g unknown solute A unknown solute B (assigned amount per group) distilled water B. Apparatus 250-mL beaker 400-mL beaker 100-mL graduated cylinder test tubes thermometer iron stand, iron ring, iron clamp hot plate C. Other Apparatus wire gauze tissue paper graphing paper timer III. PROCEDURE Freezing Point of NaphthaleneIn a clean and dry test tube, 2. 0 g of naphthalene was weighed. To measure the temperature while heating, a thermometer was suspended by tissue paper at the mouth of the test tube. It was placed in a water bath with the water level above the sample in the test tube. To avoid the contact of the test tube to the bottom of the bath, it was supported by an iron clamp. The water bath was then heated until the entire sample has melted and until the temperatur e of the sample reached 90o C. The flame was put off and the temperature reading was recorded every 15 seconds until the temperature has fallen to 70oC.The set up was put aside for the next part of the experiment. Data gathered were tabulated and plotted for analysis and evaluation. Freezing Point Depression of Naphthalene Pre weighed 0. 20 g of unknown solute A was added to the previous set up of naphthalene. The same procedure was done with it. The thermometer was again suspended at the mouth of the test tube by tissue paper. With the help of iron clamp, it was again placed in a water bath, with the water level above the sample in the test tube, to avoid contact to the bottom of the bath.The water bath was then heated until the entire sample of unknown solute A and naphthalene has melted. When the temperature reached 90oC, the flame was put off. The temperature reading was recorded every 15 seconds until the temperature has fallen to 70oC. Data was also tabulated and plotted toget her with the data from freezing point of naphthalene. Boiling Point of Water In a 250-mL beaker, 100-mL of distilled water was boiled until it completely boiled. The temperature reading was recorded. In a separate 250-mL beaker, 0. 20 g of unknown solute B was dissolved in 100-mL distilled water.This was also heated until it finally boiled. The boiling point was also recorded. It was tabulated together with the boiling points of solutions with varying amounts of solute from other groups. Comparison was made for evaluation of the results. IV. DATA/OBSERVATIONS Table 1. 1. Observations on cooling of naphthalene at 15-second intervals. Time (sec. )Temperature (oC)Appearance 1590clear liquid 3090clear liquid 4587clear liquid 6086clear liquid 7585clear liquid 9085clear liquid 10584clear liquid 12084clear liquid 13583clear liquid 15083clear liquid 16582clear liquid 18081clear liquid 9581clear liquid 21080clear liquid 22580clear liquid 24079clear liquid 25579clear liquid 27078clear liquid 28577clear liquid 30077clear liquid 31576solidification 33075solidification 34575 36075 37575 39075 40575 42075 43575 45075 46575 48075 49575 51075 52575 54075 55575 57075 58575 60075 61575 63075 64574 66074 67574 69074 70574 72073 73573 75073 76572 78072 79571 81070 Mass of naphthalene used (g): 2. 00 g Table 1. 2. Observations on cooling of solution of naphthalene and unknown solute at 15-second interval. Time (sec. )Temperature (oC)Appearance 1590clear liquid 3090clear liquid 587clear liquid 6086clear liquid 7585clear liquid 9085clear liquid 10584clear liquid 12084clear liquid 13583clear liquid 15083clear liquid 16582clear liquid 18081clear liquid 19581clear liquid 21080clear liquid 22580clear liquid 24079clear liquid 25579clear liquid 27078clear liquid 28577clear liquid 30077clear liquid 31576clear liquid 33075 34575 36075 37575 39075 40575 42075 43575 45075 46575 48075 49575 51075 52575 Mass of naphthalene used (g): 2. 00 g mass of unknown solute B (g): 0. 20 g Table 1. 3. Data on freezing point depression of naphthalene. Mass of naphthalene used (g)2. 0 g Mass of unknown solute A used (g)0. 20 g Mass of solution (g)2. 20 g Freezing point of pure naphthalene (oC)75 oC Freezing point of solution (oC)73 oC Freezing point difference of pure naphthalene and of solution (oC) Molality of solution (mol/kg) Moles of solute used (mole) Molecular mass of solute (g/mole) Table 1. 4. Summary of data on boiling points of solutions with varying amounts of solute. Group No. Amount of solute B used (g)Boiling point (oC) –100 10. 5099. 0 21. 0090. 0 31. 5099. 5 42. 0099. 5 52. 50100 V. DISCUSSION ? ? ? ? VI. CONCLUSION ? VII. LITERATURE CITED/BIBLIOGRAPHY

Caring for Children and Young People Booklet Essay

Unit 10 caring for children and young people assignment 2 of 2, report There are 3 types of maltreatment: abuse, neglect, bullying and harassment. Abuse can be physical, emotional (intellectual) and sexual. Signs of physical abuse are: * Unexplained injuries that sound untrue or doesn’t fit in with the injury * Injuries on a non-mobile baby or head injuries on a child who is less than one year old * Nervous behaviour, jumpy, watchful and cautious, scared of psychical contact – shrinking back when touched * Difficulty in making friends and trusting others * Refusing to undress for physical education or medical examination, wearing too many clothes in warm weather to cover up the injuries * Chronic running away and school absences * Repeated attendance at accident&emergency * Self-harm and self-destructive behaviour, being bullied * Aggression towards others, bullying others * Lying, stealing, getting into trouble with the police Signs of emotional abuse are: * Delayed development – emotionally immature for age, physically small and intellectually behind peers * Nervous behaviour such as rocking , hair twisting , self-harm * Speech disorders * Extremes of passive or aggressive behaviour * Fear of making a mistake and a overreacting to a mistake * Fear of new situations but can be over friendly with strangers * Continually putting themselves down * Inability to be spontaneous * Inability to concentrate Signs of sexual abuse are: * Medical problems in the genital area, sexually transmitted illnesses, bed wetting * Being overly affectionate and sexually knowing – demonstrating sexually inappropriate behaviour, flirting or graphic, sexualised play * Changes in behaviour – withdrawn, sad or even more extreme – depression, self-harm and attempts to suicide * Eating  disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, loss of appetite or compulsive overeating * Behaving than much younger child for example thumb-sucking or having a cuddly toy * Thinking badly about them and at the same time trying to be ultra-good and overreacting to criticism * Being afraid of someone they know, not wanting to be alone with them, lack of trust * Being scared of physical contact and fear of undressing Signs of child being neglected are: * Poor personal hygiene * Underweight or constantly hungry, may be stealing food * Always tired and cannot concentrate to learn or play * Clothing inadequate for weather, too small, dirty * May have untreated medical conditions e.g. cough, cold * No friends, might be bullied, socially isolated * Destructive tendencies Risk of maltreatment can be within family, outside family for example in care setting or strangers. Children and young people are more at the risk to be maltreated by people known by them. When a child has specific learning difficulties, communication difficulties, specific development delay, genetic influence, difficult temperament, physical illness, academic failures and low self-esteem then the child is more at risk for maltreatment. Consequences of maltreatment vary depending on child’s age and the type of maltreatment. The long term consequences of maltreatment on children and young people who are not helped effectively have a personal cost and a cost to a society as a whole. Children with constant fear that is experienced when being abused can affect brain development with long life consequences. Brain scans show the difference between abused children and non-abused children. Child from 0 to 3 years needs to bond – make a secure and trusting relationship with the main caregiver in order to develop health. Ability to feel empathy, compassion, trust and love is based on these early experiences. If bonding is not there then the relationship between caregiver and child is not right. There are four theories of maltreatment: medical, sociological, psychological and feminist. The medical model of child abuse is where abuse is viewed as a disease which is called the battered-child syndrome which is a clinical condition is children who  have received abuse and is a cause of permanent injury or even death. The sociological model of maltreatment defines child abuse in terms of social judgement of parental acts which are considered inappropriate by cultural standards and practices. Sociological models focus on contextual condition such as poverty that give rise to abuse. The psychological model of maltreatment is an attachment theory and says that a child needs to develop a relationship with at least one caregiver for development to occur normally. The feminist model say that feminist believe that men like to have all power and they can get it by abusing children or to regain power if they have lost it. If child abuse is suspected then it should be immediately reported. It depends on where the child abuse is suspected, people should always follow the policies of the setting and implementing safe working practices. For example if you work in school or nursery you would talk to the designated person for example manager or head teacher. People should write down causes for concern as and when they happen recording as much information down as possible and writing down only the facts. So if a child tells you something you should write it down exactly as they said it and not what you think they mean. Depending on what has been disclosed would depend on how you react. For example if child has a bump on their head and is very quiet about it and doesn’t tell you it doesn’t mean that they have been abused. You have to know their parents too. If a child discloses something which is of concern to you for example they reveal that they have been abused then action should be taken immediately to ensure child’s safety. A person has a responsibility to maintain confidentiality according to policies of the setting. Person who is suspecting the abuse should always listen and communicate at children or young person’s pace and without any pressure and always take the child seriously. Strategies and methods that can be used to support children, young people and their families where abuse is suspected or confirmed is that person should be respectful towards these children and have a child centred approach. Active support should be provided which empowers children and young people. Their self-confidence, self-esteem, resilience and assertiveness should be supported because it is really low when people were abused and it is needed to really support children and young people because it would have affected them. You should always share information and not to keep secrets from them but giving  information according to their age because you wouldn’t want to give too much information or inappropriate information for example to a 3 year old and you would talk differently with children than with young people. For families it is important to develop supportive relationships with parent and families and involving parents in the assessment of children needs to help them not to make the same mistakes in the future and to make them know what the children needs to have. People should always help parents to recognise the value and significance of their contributions and encourage them to develop their parenting skills. To minimise the effects of abuse you should always encourage expression of feelings within acceptable boundaries to help them deal with their emotions and to help them improve their self image. Helping them to build self esteem and confidence is also really important, for example by play therapy or counselling. Rasheed, Elizabeth; Irvine, Jo; Hetherington, Alison. BTEC Level 3 National Health and Social Care. London, GBR: Hodder Education, 2010. p 224. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/southessex/Doc?id=10448710&ppg=235 Copyright  © 2010. Hodder Education. All rights reserved. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/pdfs/nfnts-childneglect_e.pdf http://forums.nurseryworld.co.uk/showthread/c23d171e-b642-4e2a-a09c-d21a022f5ca5/ The Battered-Child Syndrome, July 7, 1962. (brak daty). 03 19, 2012 http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/181/1/17.abstract

Devil in the white City Summary

The World's Fair was an amazing event for our country. It represented how capable we were and how amazing our technology could become. It negated many of the stereotypes surrounding Chicago that it was only a city of animal butchery. It set a standard for how cities should be run and it picked up the economy with all of the work and tourism It created. But, hidden within all of this good was evil. Although pick pockets and thieves were very common, largely represented In the book Is murder.Holmes takes advantage of this situation and lures In young women who are traveling alone. Without the magnificent fair, he would have had a much more difficult time doing what he did. The good that people were creating within the fair created this room for evil. Honestly, It seems this Is a real world theme as well. Wherever good Is done, corruption Is always a possibility and often this opportunity Is taken. The sad theme that permeates this book Is that where there Is good, there will be evil.An d although unfortunate, It is reality-To me, the text had one BIG theme: evil as the result of good. The World's Fair was an amazing event for our country. It represented how capable we were and how amazing our technology could become. It negated many of the stereotypes surrounding Chicago that it was only a city of animal butchery. It set a standard for how cities should be run and it picked up the economy with all of the work and tourism it created. But, hidden within all of this good was evil. Although pick pockets and thieves were very common, largely represented in the book is ruder.Holmes takes advantage of this situation and lures in young women who are traveling alone. Without the magnificent fair, he would have had a much more difficult time doing what he did. The good that people were creating within the fair created this room for evil. Honestly, it seems this is a real world theme as well. Wherever good is done, corruption is always a possibility and often this opportunit y is taken. The sad theme that permeates this book is that where there is good, there will be evil. And although unfortunate, it is reality.

Critically analyse the impact of the 1870, 1902 & 1918 Education Acts Essay

Critically analyse the impact of the 1870, 1902 & 1918 Education Acts on society and education with particular reference to linkage of policy between the three acts - Essay Example Educations Acts of 1870, 1902, and 1918, and examines their complex interaction with the social and political concerns of the culture in which they emerged. The British educational system was traditionally reserved for members of the social elite. In the middle ages, universities were largely the domain of ruling class boys, although a small number of boys of lower social classes were included. In the fifth century, some grammar schools offered teaching to the poor, but again, education was largely reserved for upper class males. By the seventeenth century, schools had begun to resemble the modern system, but many people did not approve of educating the lower classes, fearing that it would "make the working poor discontented with their lot" (Chitty 2004, cited in Gillard), and education for the poor consisted largely of moral, rather than intellectual, teachings. The Industrial Revolution saw a great change in the national education system, as industry needed workers with more advance reading skills. (Davin 1996) Even then, opposition to educating the poor was intense. Thus Tory MP Davies Giddy famously noted "giving education to the la boring classes of the poor ... would teach them to despise their lot in life, instead of making them good servants in agriculture and other laborious employments to which their rank in society has destined them; instead of teaching them the virtue of subordination, it would render them factious and refactory (sic)... it would enable them to read seditious pamphlets, vicious books and publications against Christianity" (cited in Gillard). In addition, attempts at mass education for the poor were stymied by conflict between religious and social groups. In the mid-1800s, education in England was divided by class structure, and students were schooled according to whether they belonged to the masses, the middle class, or the higher classes. The 1870 Elementary Education Act, however, demanded universal education for all children from